Wie Lore Jonas in ihren einleitenden Bemerkungen zu den Erinnerungen, dem autobiographischen Zeugnis ihres Mannes, lebhaft in Erinnerung gerufen hat, »besaß [er] jene große humanistische Bildung, die seiner Generation eigen war und die jetzt allmählich verschwindet. Er konnte Homer auf Griechisch und Cicero auf Lateinisch zitieren, lernte als Oberschüler Hebräisch, und die Propheten waren ihm lieb«. Schon das legt nahe, bei der Rekonstruktion der konzeptuellen Gesamtheit von Jonas’ Werk seiner Beziehung zum klassischen Erbe einen privilegierten Ort zu reservieren. Sicherlich ist (...) es nicht einfach, diese Beziehung zur antiken Philosophie klar und knapp darzustellen. (shrink)

A experiência da liberdade permeou todo o desenvolvimento da formação cultural e ética da Antiguidade, sobretudo, como ensina Lima Vaz, no enfrentamento da contradição entre o agir humano e o destino. A preocupação com a ideia de liberdade atravessou o pensamento Sócrates, Platão, Aristóteles e Cícero. Ao voltar os olhos para o passado, Benjamin Constant percebeu um outro aspecto da liberdade antiga que talvez não tenha sido compreendido pelos próprios antigos como liberdade, que é a capacidade de de participar (...) coletiva, porém diretamente, da vida política e das decisões da polis. Por outro lado, Constant considera que apenas na Modernidade foi desenvolvida a ideia de liberdade individual. No entanto, é possível perceber que os pilares da liberdade jurídica e individual foram desenvolvidos na Roma antiga. Tendo em vista que para alcançar a dimensão da ideia de liberdade é indispensável percorrer os momentos históricos de seu desenvolvimento e o esforço filosófico destinado a caracterizá-la e explicá-la, buscar-se-á, neste trabalho, analisar como a ideia de liberdade foi compreendida na Antiguidade e confrontá-la com a concepção elaborada pelos filósofos da Modernidade, como Rousseau, Benjamin Constant e Kant. (shrink)

The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism. R. Bett (Ed.), New York: Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 380+xii, ISBN 780521697545. -/- The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Scepticism, edited by Richard Bett, consists of an Introduction and fifteen papers written by international authors (three of them have been diligently translated into English by the editor). The volume presents the major figures of ancient skepticism and the major interpretational problems. Separate papers are devoted to Pyrrho of Elis (Svavar Hrafn Svavarsson), Arcesilaus and Carneades (...) (Harald Thorsrud), Aenesidemus (R.J. Hankinson) and Sextus Empiricus (Pierre Pellegrin). Agrippa seems to be the only missing figure on the list. Moreover, we can also find a lot of information about the minor figures of ancient skepticism. Mi-Kyoung Lee presents skeptical ideas in early Greek philosophy and Carlos Levy writes about the later academic skeptics, especially Clitomachus, Philo of Larissa and Cicero. Richard Bett in his Introduction lists the most important problems in interpreting ancient skepticism: What kinds of belief, if any, are open to a skeptic? Can a skeptic allow for choice and action and if so, then how? Is skepticism compatible with an ethical outlook? Is there a real difference between the Academic and Pyrrhonist varieties of skepticism? Casey Perin takes on the first one, Katja Maria Vogt—the second, Richard Bett—the third, and Gisela Striker—the last one. We also have the next five papers presenting other important aspects of ancient skepticism. Paul Woodruff writes about skeptical modes, James Allen about the relation between Pyrrhonism and medical schools, Emidio Spinelli about the critique of specialized sciences, Luciano Floridi about the modern rediscovery of ancient skepticism, and Michael Williams about its Cartesian transformation. The Companion is very rich in content and very up-to-date, presenting the latest hypotheses. Here I would like to discuss the problem of Pyrrho’s place within the skeptical tradition. (shrink)

This paper aims to examine a very specific passage of Sextus Empiricus’s work: the final section of the second book of the Outlines of Pyrrhonism (=ph ii, 229–259). Here Sextus concentrates his attention on a very limited yet crucial topic, namely the question of the validity or invalidity and ‘pragmatic dissolution’ of an allegedly strong tool such as sophisms and their dialectical structure. Indeed, Pyrrhonists do not wander about aimlessly nor lack effective tools through which to dismantle the logical industry (...) of sophisms; their reference point is completely different, since they agree about some evident facts and live their life in accordance with κοινὸς βίος. (shrink)

This paper aims to critically approach the development of capitalist relations of production, as well as the genesis of the vindications of women's rights in the French Revolution. We seek to understand the socioeconomic conditions that made possible the rise of the first typically modern philosophical and political reflections about the exclusion of women from political rights and their inferiorization in society. In this sense, it is possible to emphasize the work of Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges, which, in (...) contesting the theories of natural law, enabled the development of a first political program to attend to the needs of women (peasants, proletarians and petit bourgeois). (shrink)

s for the Second Workshop on Implementing Machine Ethics.

It deals with the problems of the Latin text (taking account of Michael Winterbottom's new edition), it delineates the work's structure and sometimes elusive train of thought, clarifies the underlying Greek and Latin concepts, and provides starting points for approaching the philosophical and historical problems that De Officiis raises.

The third and fourth books of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations deal with the nature and management of human emotion: first grief, then the emotions in general. In lively and accessible style, Cicero presents the insights of Greek philosophers on the subject, reporting the views of Epicureans and Peripatetics and giving a detailed account of the Stoic position, which he himself favors for its close reasoning and moral earnestness. Both the specialist and the general reader will be fascinated by the Stoics' analysis (...) of the causes of grief, their classification of emotions by genus and species, their lists of oddly named character flaws, and by the philosophical debate that develops over the utility of anger in politics and war. Margaret Graver's elegant and idiomatic translation makes Cicero's work accessible not just to classicists but to anyone interested in ancient philosophy and psychotherapy or in the philosophy of emotion. The accompanying commentary explains the philosophical concepts discussed in the text and supplies many helpful parallels from Greek sources. (shrink)

Excerpt from Philosophische Anmerkungen und Abhandlungen zu Cicero's Büchern von den Pflichten 3um fiewtilc bitbbtt lann w bienen, me Qicero de n. 1. Von (einen berben großem 930rgdmern in ber ä3mbfamleit. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. (...) In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Cicero's On the Commonwealth and On the Laws were his first and most substantial attempts to adapt Greek theories of political life to the circumstances of the Roman Republic. They represent Cicero's understanding of government and remain his most important works of political philosophy. On the Commonwealth survives only in part, and On the Laws was never completed. The new edition of this volume has been revised throughout to take account of recent scholarship, and features a new introduction, a new (...) bibliography, a chronological table and a biographical index. James E. G. Zetzel offers a scholarly reconstruction of the fragments of On the Commonwealth and a masterly translation of both dialogues. The texts are further supported by notes and synopsis, designed to assist students in politics, philosophy, ancient history, law and classics. (shrink)

A significant two-fold development in recent classical scholarship has been a revival of interest in, and respect for, post-Aristotelian Greek philosophy and Cicero's contribution to our knowledge of it. Of Cicero's major works in this field the Tusculan disputations is perhaps the most approachable.

The formal oversight of medical education in India occurred with the promulgation of the Indian Medical Degrees Act in 1916. Despite an awareness of the need to train ethical doctors and the formal discussion of this as early as 1955, the formal teaching of medical ethics has been restricted to a few colleges as it has not been part of a mandated requirement. In August, 2019, all medical colleges in India will adopt a new Medical Council of India mandated curriculum. (...) An embedded AETCOM module across all years of training is a part of this curriculum and is the first attempt to introduce medical ethics uniformly in close to 500 medical colleges in the country. This paper traces the historical attempts to include medical ethics in medical education in India, and describes the current plan to implement ethics teaching in the undergraduate medical curriculum in India. (shrink)

Thanks to a careful reading of a key passage in Sextus Empiricus’s Outlines of Pyrrhonism (PH II 134-170), this paper offers a sort of running commentary that makes clear some crucial aspects of the Pyrrhonian attack against any kind of subsistence or ὑπόστασις of the ἀπόδειξις. This notion (fundamental for the dogmatic approach to epistemological topics) will be examined in its main logical guidelines as well as in some of its historical declinations, especially from the point of view of ancient (...) Stoicism and its doctrine about the so-called non-demonstrable arguments. (shrink)

Le scepticisme implique-t-il de refuser toute valeur à l’expérience? Le corpus de Sextus Empiricus permet de montrer que la notion d’expérience joue un rôle central dans la philosophie néo-pyrrhonienne. Si l’on accepte de renoncer à établir des relations causales universelles et nécessaires entre les phénomènes, le scepticisme néo-pyrrhonien trouve dans l’observation empirique un modèle alternatif d’explication de la réalité comparable à celui qui est à l’œuvre dans l’empirisme contemporain. De même, l’attention portée par Sextus Empiricus à l’observation ( têrêsis ) (...) – qui prend alors le sens d’observance – permet de comprendre en quel sens le scepticisme propose une éthique originale tout entière tournée vers le projet de l’adaptation à la vie ordinaire. (shrink)

The return of individual research results and incidental findings from biobanking research is a much debated ethical issue globally but has extensive relevance in India where the burden of out of pocket health care expenses is high for the majority. The views of 21 ethics committee (EC) members and 22 researchers from Bengaluru, India, concerning the ethics of biobanking research were sought through in‐depth interviews using an unfolding case vignette with probes. A shared view among most was that individual research (...) results which are ‘actionable’ or have ‘clinical significance’ should be returned to the sample contributors through their treating physicians. This was seen as an ethical obligation and a moral duty on the side of the researcher to “give back” to the person who contributed to the research. The challenges foreseen were that of resources, both financial and personnel, for the time and counseling needed to accompany the disclosure of results. Perceptions of ‘ownership’ appear to influence the concept of benefit sharing. While benefit sharing in financial terms was considered ethically challenging, certain researchers and ethics committee members made a case for “two way altruism” where the researcher in return for the altruistic ‘valuable contribution’, shares with the contributor/ community, benefits of the research which could include research findings, improved patient care, and more affordable access to the new diagnostic tests or products arising from the research. This defines the emerging ethic of “giving back” which goes beyond individual rights and ensures reciprocity and distributive justice. (shrink)

Peter Martyr Vermigli's distinctive blend of humanism, hebraism, and scholasticism constitutes a unique contribution to the scriptural hermeneutics of the Reformation. The Companion consists of 24 essays addressing the reformer’s international career, exegetical method, biblical commentaries, major theological topics, and later influence.

This is the first new critical edition of this text since 1908, and the first to appear in the Oxford Classical Texts series. The edition is informed by a comprehensive analysis of the entire tradition of Lucullus and Academicus Primus, and by a thorough rethinking of the text documented in the accompanying commentary volume. Lucullus and Academicus Primus are a key body of evidence for the development of Academic scepticism, one of the two varieties of scepticism in antiquity. The texts (...) also shed light on the re-emergence of dogmatic Platonic philosophy in the first century BC. (shrink)

First published in 1964 and aimed at advanced school students, this useful collection contains forty passages, coherent in themselves, illustrating Cicero's thinking on government, religion, law and ethics. An introduction gives the essential background, including a brief outline of Greek philosophy. There are practical notes on the texts, observations on Cicero's style and a select vocabulary.

This article analyses the determinants associated with the use of the Integrated Report as a corporate reporting model for sustainability information. IRs provide information regarding the use and interdependence of different company resources. The previous literature has identified determinants behind the presentation of IRs at the country level as well as at the company level. Our work contributes to the literature by using a novel statistical approach that addresses the likelihood of the non-independence of data: companies in the same country (...) are more similar to one another than are companies from different countries. Our results confirm significant inter-country variance, which may be partially explained by the existence of specific regulations and the individualism vs. collectivism dimension. Although we confirm the effect of company-level determinants, our results do not support the role of specific variables tested as determinants. (shrink)